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CONTENTS
Volume 14, Number 1, July 2014
 


Abstract
The addition of steel fibers in concrete mixture is recognized as a non-conventional mass reinforcement scheme that improves the torsional, flexural, and shear behavior of structural members. However, the analysis of fiber reinforcedconcrete beams under combined torsion, bending, and shear is limited because of the complicated nature of the problem. Therefore, nonlinear 3D finite element analysis was conducted using the \"ANSYS CivilFE\" program to investigate the behavior of fiber reinforced concrete L-beams. These beams were tested at different reinforcement schemes and loading conditions. The reinforcement case parameters were set as follows: reinforced with longitudinal reinforcement only and reinforced with steel bars and stirrups. All beams were tested under two different combined loading conditions, namely, torsion-to-shear ratio (T/V) = 545 mm (high eccentricity) and T/V = 145 mm (low eccentricity). Eight intermediate L-beams were constructed and tested in a laboratory under combined torsion, bending, and shear to validate the finite element model. Comparisons with the experimental data reveal that the program can accurately predict the behavior of L-beams under different reinforcement cases and combined loading ratios. The ANSYS model accurately predicted the loads and deformations for various types of reinforcements in L-beams and captured the concrete strains of these beams.

Key Words
l-beam; fiber-reinforced concrete; combined loading; finite element analysis

Address
Omer Farouk Ibraheem, B.H. Abu Bakar and I. Johari: Department of Civil Engineering, University Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia

Abstract
Reinforced concrete deep beams are structural beams with low shear span-to-depth ratio, and hence in which the strain distribution is significantly nonlinear and the conventional beam theory is not applicable. A strut-and-tie model is considered one of the most rational and simplest methods available for shear strength prediction and design of deep beams. The strut-and-tie model approach describes the shear failure of a deep beam using diagonal strut and truss mechanism: The diagonal strut mechanism represents compression stress fields that develop in the concrete web between diagonal cracks of the concrete while the truss mechanism accounts for the contributions of the horizontal and vertical web reinforcements. Based on a database of 406 experimental observations, this paper proposes a new strut-and-tie-model for accurate prediction of shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, and further improves the model by correcting the bias and quantifying the scatter using a Bayesian parameter estimation method. Seven existing deterministic models from design codes and the literature are compared with the proposed method. Finally, a limit-state design formula and the corresponding reduction factor are developed for the proposed strut-andtie model.

Key Words
Bayesian parameter estimation; deep beam; experimental observations; probabilistic model; strut-and-tie model

Address
Panatchai Chetchotisak and Jaruek Teerawong: Department of Civil Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand

Sukit Yindeesuk: Department of Highways, Ministry of Transport, Bangkok 10400, Thailand

Junho Song: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744,
Republic of Korea

Abstract
Modern trend in structural design is to use smaller elements in order to ensure several purposes such as economy, functionality and aesthetic in appearance. However, because of decreasing rigidity of the structural elements, the system displacements increases and displacements become an important subject in this kind of structures takes into account both geometrical changes and the carrying capacity of the material after linear-elastic boundary. In this study, a method is proposed to calculate the failure loads and to analyse the reinforced concrete space frame systems. The numerical examples gathered from the literature survey are solved with this method utilising the prepared computer program and the comparable results are presented. The results show that the method is sufficiently accurate.

Key Words
Non-linear analysis; RC frames; collapse loads; compensating loads; second order effect

Address
Baris Sayin: Istanbul University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey

Baris Sayin: Istanbul University, Department of Construction and Technical Affairs, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey

Abstract
The paper is concerned with the analytical description of a resistance mechanism, not considered in previous models, by which the hoops contribute to the shear capacity of RC columns with circular cross sections. The difference from previous approaches consists in observing that, because of deformation, the hoops change their original shape and, as a consequence, their slope does not match anymore the original one in the neighborhood of a crack. The model involves two parameters only, namely the crack inclination and the hoop strain in the neighborhood of a crack. A closed-form analytical formulation to correlate the average value of the crack width and the hoop strain is also provided. Results obtained using the proposed model have been compared with experimental data, and a satisfactory agreement is found.

Key Words
circular column; cracked concrete; hoop; reinforced concrete; shear capacity

Address
Francesco Trentadue, Rita Greco and Giuseppe Carlo Marano: Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Technical University of Bari, via E. Orabona 4, 70100 Bari, Italy

Giuseppe Quaranta: Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy

Abstract
The traditional destructive tests in damage detection require high cost, long consuming time, repairing of damaged members, etc. In addition to these, powerful equipments with advanced technology have motivated development of global vibration based damage detection methods. These methods base on observation of the changes in the structural dynamic properties and updating finite element models. The existence, location, severity and effect on the structural behavior of the damages can be identified by using these methods. The main idea in these methods is to minimize the differences between analytical and experimental natural frequencies. In this study, an application of damage detection using model updating method was presented on a one storey reinforced concrete (RC) building model. The model was designed to be 1/2 scale of a real building. The measurements on the model were performed by using ten uni-axial seismic accelerometers which were placed to the floor level. The presented damage identification procedure mainly consists of five steps: initial finite element modeling, testing of the undamaged model, finite element model calibration, testing of the damaged model, and damage detection with model updating. The elasticity modulus was selected as variable parameter for model calibration, while the inertia moment of section was selected for model updating. The first three modes were taken into consideration. The possible damaged members were estimated by considering the change ratio in the inertia moment. It was concluded that the finite element model calibration was required for structures to later evaluations such as damage, fatigue, etc. The presented model updating based procedure was very effective and useful for RC structures in the damage identification.

Key Words
damage detection; finite element modeling; modal testing; model calibration; model updating; reinforced concrete building

Address
Temel Türkerand Alemdar Bayrakta: Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
Using the principle of damage mechanics, zero-thickness pore pressure cohesive elements (PPCE) are used to simulate the casing-cement interface (CCI) and cement-rock interface (CRI). The traction-separation law describes the emergence and propagation of the PPCE. Mohr-coulomb criteria determines the elastic and plastic condition of cement sheath and rock. The finite element model (FEM) of delamination fractures emergence and propagation along the casing-cement-rock (CCR) interfaces during hydraulic fracturing is established, and the emergence and propagation of fractures along the wellbore axial and circumferential direction are simulated. Regadless of the perforation angle (the angle between the perforation and the max. horizontal principle stress), mirco-annulus will be produced alonge the wellbore circumferential direction when the cementation strength of the CCI and the CRI is less than the rock tensile strength; the delamination fractures are hard to propagate along the horizontal wellbore axial direction; emergence and propagation of delamination fractures are most likely produced on the shallow formation when the in-situ stresses are lower; the failure mode of cement sheath in the deep well is mainly interfaces seperation and body damange caused by cement expansion and contraction, or pressure testing and well shut-in operations.

Key Words
delamination fractures; cement; interface; hydraulic fracturing; failure

Address
Hai Y. Zhu and Teng Wang: State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China

Jin G. Deng and Hai L. Liu: State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting (China University of Petroleum, Beijing), Beijing 102249, China

Jun Zhao and Hu Zhao: Oilfield Chemicals R & D Institute,COSL,Beijing East Yanjiao,065200,China


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