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CONTENTS
Volume 8, Number 6, November 2005
 


Abstract
The results of reference wind speed calculation in Croatia as a base for the revision of the Croatian standards for wind loads upon structures are presented. Wind speed averaged over 10 minutes, at 10 m height, in a flat, open terrain, with a 50-year mean return period is given for 27 meteorological stations in Croatia. It is shown that the greatest part of Croatia is covered with expected reference wind speeds up to 25 m/s. Exceptions are stations with specific anemometer location open to the bura wind which is accelerated due to the channelling effects of local orography and the nearby mountain passes where the expected reference wind speed ranges between 38 m/s and 55 m/s. The methodology for unifying all available information from wind measurements regardless of the averaging period is discussed by analysing wind speed variability at the meteorological station in Hvar.

Key Words
extreme speed; standards; wind load.

Address
Alica Baji; Research and Atmospheric Modelling Department, Meteorological and Hydrological Service of Croatia, Gri 3, HR-10000 Zagreb, CroatiarnBernardin Pero; Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Split, Matice Hrvatske 15, HR-21000 Split, Croatia

Abstract
A hybrid RANS/LES approach, based on the Limited Numerical Scales concept, is applied to the numerical simulation of the flow around a square cylinder. The key feature of this approach is a blending between two eddy-viscosities, one given by the k - e RANS model and the other by the Smagorinsky LES closure. A mixed finite-element/finite-volume formulation is used for the numerical discretization on unstructured grids. The results obtained with the hybrid approach are compared with those given by RANS and LES simulations for three different grid resolutions; comparisons with experimental data and numerical results in the literature are also provided. It is shown that, if the grid resolution is adequate for LES, the hybrid model recovers the LES accuracy. For coarser grid resolutions, the blending criterion appears to be effective to improve the accuracy of the results with respect to both LES and RANS simulations.

Key Words
hybrid RANS/LES modeling; limited numerical scales; square-cylinder flow.

Address
S. Camarri and M.V. Salvetti; Dipartimento di Ingegneria Aerospaziale, Universita di Pisa, ItalyrnB. Koobus; Diartement de mathmatiques, Universita de Montpellier II, FrancernA. Dervieux; INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, France

Abstract
Numerical and wind tunnel simulations of pollutant dispersion around rectangular obstacles with five aspect ratios have been conducted in order to identify the effects of flow patterns induced by buildings on plume dispersion in the near wake of buildings. An emission from a low source located upwind of obstacles was used in this simulation. The local flow patterns and concentrations around a cubical obstacle were initially investigated using three RANS turbulence models, (the standard k-e, Shear Stress Transport (SST), Reynolds-Stress RSM turbulence model) and also using Large-eddy simulation (LES). The computed concentrations were compared with those measured in the wind tunnel. Among the three turbulence models, the SST model offered the best performance and thus was used in further investigations. The results show, for normal aspect ratios of width to height, that concentrations in the near wake are appreciably affected because of plume capture by the horseshoe vortex and convection by the vertical vortex pairs. These effects are less important for high aspect ratios. Vertical vortex pairs present a strong ability to exchange mass vertically and acts efficiently to reduce ground-level concentrations in the near wake.

Key Words
dispersion; building effects; horseshoe vortex; vertical vortex pairs; near wake.

Address
Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland

Abstract
Wind loading is very important, even dominant in some cases, to large-span single-layer reticulated shells. At present, usually equivalent static methods based on quasi-steady assumption, as the same as the wind-resistant design of low-rise buildings, are used in the structural design. However, it is not easy to estimate a suitable equivalent static wind load so that the effects of fluctuating component of wind on the structural behaviors, especially on structural stability, can be well considered. In this paper, the effects of fluctuating component of wind load on the stability of a single-layer reticulated spherical shell model are investigated based on wind pressure distribution measured simultaneously in the wind tunnel. Several methods used to estimate the equivalent static wind load distribution for equivalent static wind-resistant design are reviewed. A new simple method from the stability point of view is presented to estimate the most unfavorable wind load distribution considering the effects of fluctuating component on the stability of shells. Finally, with comparisive analyses using different methods, the efficiency of the presented method for wind-resistant analysis of single-layer reticulated shells is established.

Key Words
single-layer reticulated shells; equivalent static wind load distribution; wind tunnel test; stability; the most unfavorable distribution estimation.

Address
Yuan-Qi Li; Department of Building Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People of Republic of ChinarnYukio Tamura; Wind Engineering Research Center, Tokyo Polytechnic University, Atsugi 243-0297, Japan

Abstract
The effects of upstream velocity profiles on the flow around a low-rise rectangular prism submerged in a turbulent boundary layer have been investigated. Three different boundary layer profiles are generated, which are characterized by boundary layer height, displacement thickness, and momentum thickness. Flow characteristics variations caused by the different layers such as those in turbulent kinetic energy distribution and locations of re-circulating cavities and reattachment points have been precisely measured by using a PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) technique. Observations were made in a boundary layer wind tunnel at ReH = 7900, based on a model height of 40 mm and a free stream velocity of 3 m/s with 15 - 20% turbulence intensity.

Key Words
turbulent boundary layer; Atmospheric boundary layer (ABL); PIV; flow around a rectangular prism.

Address
School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea


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