Abstract
Using 3D asphalt pavement surface data, a deep and multiscale network named CrackNet-M is proposed in this paper for pixel-level crack detection for improvements in both accuracy and robustness. The CrackNet-M consists of four function-specific architectural modules: a central branch net (CBN), a crack map enhancement (CME) module, three pooling feature pyramids (PFP), and an output layer. The CBN maintains crack boundaries using no pooling reductions throughout all convolutional layers. The CME applies a pooling layer to enhance potential thin cracks for better continuity, consuming no data loss and attenuation when working jointly with CBN. The PFP modules implement direct down-sampling and pyramidal upsampling with multiscale contexts specifically for the detection of thick cracks and exclusion of non-crack patterns. Finally, the output layer is optimized with a skip layer supervision technique proposed to further improve the network performance. Compared with traditional supervisions, the skip layer supervision brings about not only significant performance gains with respect to both accuracy and robustness but a faster convergence rate. CrackNet-M was trained on a total of 2,500 pixel-wise annotated 3D pavement images and finely scaled with another 200 images with full considerations on accuracy and efficiency. CrackNet-M can potentially achieve crack detection in real-time with a processing speed of 40 ms/image. The experimental results on 500 testing images demonstrate that CrackNet-M can effectively detect both thick and thin cracks from various pavement surfaces with a high level of Precision (94.28%), Recall (93.89%), and F-measure (94.04%). In addition, the proposed CrackNet-M compares favorably to other well-developed networks with respect to the detection of thin cracks as well as the removal of shoulder drop-offs.
Key Words
3D pavement; crack detection; deep learning; functional-specific modules; real-time processing
Address
"(1) Guolong Wang, Kelvin C.P. Wang, Guangwei Yang:
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 207 Engineering South, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA;
(2) Allen A. Zhang:
Department of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111, North 1st Section of Second Ring Road, Chengdu, China."
Abstract
Health monitoring of civil infrastructures, in particular, old bridges that are still in service, has become more than necessary, given the risk that a possible degradation or failure of these infrastructures can induce on the safety of users in addition to the resulting commercial and economic impact. Bridge integrity assessment has attracted significant research efforts over the past forty years with the aim of developing new damage identification methods applicable to real structures. The bridge of Ouled Mimoun (Tlemcen, Algeria) is one of the oldest railway structure in the country. It was built in 1889. This bridge, which is too low with respect to the level of the road, has suffered multiple shocks from various machines that caused considerable damage to its central part. The present work aims to analyze the stability of this bridge by identifying damages and evaluating the damage rate in different parts of the structure on the basis of a finite element model. The applied method is based on an inverse analysis of the normal stress responses that were calculated from the corresponding recorded strains, during the passage of a real train, by means of a set of strain gauges placed on certain elements of the bridge. The results obtained from the inverse analysis made it possible to successfully locate areas that were really damaged and to estimate the damage rate. These results were also used to detect an excessive rigidity in certain elements due to the presence of plates, which were neglected in the numerical reference model. In the case of the continuous bridge monitoring, this developed method will be a very powerful tool as a smart health monitoring system, allowing engineers to take in time decisions in the event of ridge damage.
Key Words
damage identification; health monitoring; inverse analysis; railway bridge; static; strain; stress response
Address
(1) Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, Tlemcen University, BP230-13000 Tlemcen, Algeria;
(2) EOLE Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Tlemcen University, BP 230-13000 Tlemcen, Algeria.
Abstract
A probabilistic micromechanical framework is proposed to quantify numerically the self-healing capabilities of polymers containing microcapsules. A two-step self-healing process is designed in this study: A probabilistic micromechanical framework based on the ensemble volume-averaging method is derived for the polymers, and a hitting probability model combined with a crack nucleation model is then utilized for encountering microcapsules and microcracks. Using this framework, a series of parametric investigations are performed to examine the influence of various model parameters (e.g., the volume fraction of microcapsules, microcapsule radius, radius ratio of microcracks to microcapsules, microcrack aspect ratio, and scale parameter) on the self-healing capabilities of the polymers. The proposed framework is also implemented into a finite element code to solve the self-healing behavior of tapered double cantilever beam specimens.
Key Words
microcapsules; micromechanics; polymers; probabilistic approach; self-healing
Address
"(1) D.W. Jin, H.K. Lee:
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea;
(2) Taegeon Kil:
Applied Science Research Institute, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea."
Abstract
This study explores an alternative to the existing centralized process for data anomaly detection in modern Internet of Things (IoT)-based structural health monitoring (SHM) systems. An edge intelligence framework is proposed for the early detection and classification of various data anomalies facilitating quality enhancement of acquired data before transmitting to a central system. State-of-the-art deep neural network pruning techniques are investigated and compared aiming to significantly reduce the network size so that it can run efficiently on resource-constrained edge devices such as wireless smart sensors. Further, depthwise separable convolution (DSC) is invoked, the integration of which with advanced structural pruning methods exhibited superior compression capability. Last but not least, quantization-aware training (QAT) is adopted for faster processing and lower memory and power consumption. The proposed edge intelligence framework will eventually lead to reduced network overload and latency. This will enable intelligent self-adaptation strategies to be employed to timely deal with a faulty sensor, minimizing the wasteful use of power, memory, and other resources in wireless smart sensors, increasing efficiency, and reducing maintenance costs for modern smart SHM systems. This study presents a theoretical foundation for the proposed framework, the validation of which through actual field trials is a scope for future work.
Key Words
data anomaly detection; deep neural network compression; edge intelligence; network pruning; structural health monitoring
Address
"(1) Tarutal Ghosh Mondal:
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, 65401, MO, United States;
(2) Jau-Yu Chou:
Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan;
(3) Yuguang Fu:
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore;
(4) Jianxiao Mao:
Key Laboratory of C&PC Structures of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, 211189, China."
