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CONTENTS
Volume 32, Number 3, June 20 2009
 


Abstract
Response of harbor structure to environmental loads such as wave load, impact load, ship\'s contacting load, is a fundamental factor in designing of the structure

Key Words
impact load; contacting load; wave load; optimal design; coastal structure; pile boundary condition.

Address
Department of Naval Arch. and Ocean Engineering, Hongik University, Chochiwon, Chungnam, Korea

Abstract
Applying nonlinear statistical analysis methods in estimating the performance of structures in earthquakes is strongly considered these days. This is due to the methods\' simplicity, timely lower cost and reliable estimation in seismic responses in comparison with time-history nonlinear dynamic analysis. Among nonlinear methods, simplified to be incorporated in the future guidelines, Modal Pushover Analysis, known by the abbreviated name of MPA, simply models nonlinear behavior of structures; and presents a very proper estimation of nonlinear dynamic analysis using lateral load pattern appropriate to the mass. Mostly, two kinds of connecting joints, \'hinge\' and \'rigid\', are carried out in different type of steel structures. However, it should be highly considered that nominal hinge joints usually experience some percentages of fixity and nominal rigid connections do not employ totally rigid. Therefore, concerning the importance of these structures and the significant flexibility effect of connections on force distribution and elements deformation, these connections can be considered as semi-rigid with various percentages of fixity. Since it seems, the application and implementation of MPA method has not been studied on moment-resistant steel frames with semi rigid connections, this research focuses on this topic and issue. In this regard several rigid and semi-rigid steel bending frames with different percentages of fixity are selected. The structural design is performed based on weak beam and strong column. Followed by that, the MPA method is used as an approximated method and Nonlinear Response History Analysis (NL-RHA) as the exact one. Studying the performance of semi-rigid frames in height shows that MPA technique offers reasonably reliable results in these frames. The methods accuracy seems to decrease, when the number of stories increases and does decrease in correlation with the semi-rigidity percentages. This generally implies that the method can be used as a proper device in seismic estimation of different types of low and mid-rise buildings with semi-rigid connections.

Key Words
Modal Pushover (MPA); semi-rigid connection; non-linear analysis.

Address
Panam Zarfam and Massood Mofid: Dept. of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
A three-dimensional panel system, which was offered as a new method for construction in Jordan using relatively high strength modular panels for walls and ceilings, is investigated in this paper. The panel consists of two steel meshes on both sides of an expanded polystyrene core and connected together with a truss wire to provide a 3D system. The top face of the ceiling panel was pored with regular concrete mix, while the bottom face and both faces of the wall panels were cast by shotcreting (dry process). To investigate the structural performance of this system, an extensive experimental testing program for ceiling and wall panels subjected to static and dynamic loadings was conducted. The loaddeflection curves were obtained for beam and shear wall elements and wall elements under transverse and axial loads, respectively. Static and dynamic analyses were conducted, and the performance of the proposed structural system was evaluated and compared with a typical three dimensional reinforced concrete frame system for buildings of the same floor areas and number of floors. Compressive strength capacity of a ceiling panel is determined for gravity loads, while flexural capacity is determined under the effect of wind and seismic loading. It was found that, the strength and serviceability requirements could be easily satisfied for buildings constructed using the three-dimensional panel system. The 3D panel system is superior to that of conventional frame system in its dynamic performance, due to its high stiffness to mass ratio.

Key Words
three-dimensional; panel; static; dynamic; concrete; shotcrete; gravity; wind; seismic load.

Address
K. Numayr and R. Haddad: Civil Engineering Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan

Abstract
A fundamental solution for the transient, quasi-static, plane problems of linear viscoelasticity is introduced for a specific material. An integral equation has been found for any problem as a result of dynamic reciprocal identity which is written between this fundamental solution and the problem to be solved. The formulation is valid for the first, second and mixed boundary-value problems. This integral equation has been solved by BEM and algorithm of the BEM solution is explained on a sample, mixed boundary-value problem. The forms of time-displacement curves coincide with literature while timesurface traction curves being quite different in the results. The formulation does not have any singularity. Generalized functions and the integrals of them are used in a different form.

Key Words
viscoelasticity; quasi-static solution; reciprocity theorem; boundary element method; integral equations; transient loads.

Address
S. Ataoglu: Division of Mechanics, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469 Istanbul, Turkey

Abstract
Thermal stability of quasi-isotropic composite and polymeric structures is considered one of the most important criteria in predicting life span of building structures. The outdoor applications of these structures have raised some legitimate concerns about their durability including moisture resistance and thermal stability. Exposure of such quasi-isotropic composite/polymeric structures to various and severe climatic conditions such as heat flux and frigid climate would change the material behavior and thermal viability and may lead to the degradation of material properties and building durability. This paper presents an analytical model for the generalized problem. This model accommodates the non-linearity and the non-homogeneity of the internal heat generated within the structure and the changes, modification to the material constants, and the structural size. The paper also investigates the effect of the incorporation of the temperature and/or material constant sensitive internal heat generation with four encountered climatic conditions on thermal stability of infinite cylindrical quasi-isotropic composite/polymeric structures. This can eventually result in the failure of such structures. Detailed critical analyses for four case studies which consider the population of the internal heat generation, cylindrical size, material constants, and four different climatic conditions are carried out. For each case of the proposed boundary conditions, the critical thermal stability parameter is determined. The results of this paper indicate that the thermal stability parameter is critically dependent on the cylinder size, material constants/selection, the convective heat transfer coefficient, subjected heat flux and other constants accrued from the structure environment.

Key Words
thermal stability; quasi-isotropic composite/polymeric material degradation; non-uniform internal heat generation; cylindrical building structures; material-environment interaction.

Address
Mohamed Gadalla and Hany El Kadi: Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

Abstract
A general analytical method for computing the joint stiffness from the sectional properties of the members that form the joint is derived using Vlasov\'s thin-walled beam theory. The analytical model of box T-joint under out-of-plane loading is investigated and validated using shell finite element results and experimental data. The analytical model of the T-joint is implemented in a beam finite element model using a revolute joint element. The out-of-plane displacement computed using the beam-joint model is compared with the corresponding shell element model. The results show close correlation between the beam revolute joint model and shell element model.

Key Words
joint flexibility; torsional distortion; revolute joint; T-joint; thin-walled beam.

Address
Prabhakar R. Marur: India Science Lab, General Motors R&D, Creator, ITP, Bangalore - 560 066, India


Abstract
This paper presents analytical methodologies for remaining life prediction of plain concrete structural components considering tension softening and size effects. Non-linear fracture mechanics principles (NLFM) have been used for crack growth analysis and remaining life prediction. Various tension softening models such as linear, bi-linear, tri-linear, exponential and power curve have been presented with appropriate expressions. Size effect has been accounted for by modifying the Paris law, leading to a size adjusted Paris law, which gives crack length increment per cycle as a power function of the amplitude of a size adjusted stress intensity factor (SIF). Details of tension softening effects and size effect in the computation of SIF and remaining life prediction have been presented. Numerical studies have been conducted on three point bending concrete beams under constant amplitude loading. The predicted remaining life values with the combination of tension softening & size effects are in close agreement with the corresponding experimental values available in the literature for all the tension softening models.

Key Words
concrete fracture; fatigue loading; tension softening; stress intensity factor; size effect; crack growth; remaining life.

Address
A. Rama Chandra Murthy, G.S. Palani and Nagesh R. Iyer:
Structural Engineering Research Centre, CSIR, CSIR Campus, Taramani, Chennai, 600 113, India


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