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CONTENTS
Volume 8, Number 4, April 2015
 


Abstract


Key Words


Address


Abstract
This paper proposes a two-stage imaging approach for quantitative inspection of damages in metallic plates using the fundamental anti-symmetric mode of (A₀) Lamb wave. The proposed approach employs a number of transducers to transmit and receive A₀ Lamb wave pulses, and hence, to sequentially scan the plate structures before and after the presence of damage. The approach is applied to image the corrosion damages, which are simplified as a reduction of plate thickness in this study. In stage-one of the proposed approach a damage location image is reconstructed by analyzing the cross-correlation of the wavelet coefficient calculated from the excitation pulse and scattered wave signals for each transducer pairs to determine the damage location. In stage-two the Lamb wave diffraction tomography is then used to reconstruct a thickness reduction image for evaluating the size and depth of the damage. Finite element simulations are carried out to provide a comprehensive verification of the proposed imaging approach. A number of numerical case studies considering a circular transducer network with eight transducers are used to identify the damages with different locations, sizes and thicknesses. The results show that the proposed methodology is able to accurately identify the damage locations with inaccuracy of the order of few millimeters of a circular inspection area of 100 mm2 and provide a reasonable estimation of the size and depth of the damages.

Key Words
diffraction tomography; lamb waves; laminar damage; scattering; damage identification

Address
Ching-Tai Ng: School of Civil, Environmental & Mining Engineering, University of Adelaide
Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia

Abstract
System identification is regarded as the most basic technique for structural health monitoring to evaluate structural integrity. Although many system identification techniques extracting mode information (e.g., mode frequency and mode shape) have been proposed so far, it is also desired to identify physical parameters (e.g., stiffness and damping). As for high-rise buildings subjected to long-period ground motions, system identification for evaluating only the shear stiffness based on a shear model does not seem to be an appropriate solution to the system identification problem due to the influence of overall bending response. In this paper, a system identification algorithm using a shear-bending model developed in the previous paper is revised to identify both shear and bending stiffnesses. In this algorithm, an ARX (Auto-Regressive eXogenous) model corresponding to the transfer function for interstory accelerations is applied for identifying physical parameters. For the experimental verification of the proposed system identification framework, vibration tests for a 3-story steel mini-structure are conducted. The test structure is specifically designed to measure horizontal accelerations including both shear and bending responses. In order to obtain reliable results, system identification theories for two different inputs are investigated; (a) base input motion by a modal shaker, (b) unknown forced input on the top floor.

Key Words
system identification; high-rise building; shear-bending model; ARX model; experiment

Address
Kohei Fujita, Ayumi Ikeda, Minami Shirono and Izuru Takewaki: Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan

Abstract
Structural health monitoring (SHM) has gained in popularity in recent years since it can assess the performance and condition of instrumented structures in real time and provide valuable information to the asset\'s manager and owner. Operational modal analysis plays an important role in SHM and it involves the determination of natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes of a constructed structure based on measured dynamic data. This paper presents the operational modal analysis and seismic response characterization of the Tsing Ma Suspension Bridge of 2,160 m long subjected to different earthquake events. Three kinds of events, i.e., short-distance, middle-distance and long-distance earthquakes are taken into account. A fast Bayesian modal identification method is used to carry out the operational modal analysis. The modal properties of the bridge are identified and compared by use of the field monitoring data acquired before and after the earthquake for each type of the events. Research emphasis is given on identifying the predominant modes of the seismic responses in the deck during short-distance, middledistance and long- istance earthquakes, respectively, and characterizing the response pattern of various structural portions (deck, towers, main cables, etc.) under different types of earthquakes. Since the bridge is over 2,000 m long, the seismic wave would arrive at the tower/anchorage basements of the two side spans at different time instants. The behaviors of structural dynamic responses on the Tsing Yi side span and on the Ma Wan side span under each type of the earthquake events are compared. The results obtained from this study would be beneficial to the seismic design of future long-span bridges to be built around Hong Kong (e.g., the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge).

Key Words
long-span bridge; earthquake excitation; operational modal analysis; identification of predominant modes; structural condition assessment

Address
Yi-Qing Ni, Feng-Liang Zhang, Yun-Xia Xia: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Feng-Liang Zhang: Research Institute of Structural Engineering and Disaster Reduction, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, China

Siu-Kui Au: Institute for Risk and Uncertainty and Centre for Engineering Dynamics, University of Liverpool, The Quadrangle, Brownlow HillL69 3GH, United Kingdom

Abstract
Structural vibration characteristics of a semi-active base-isolated building were investigated using seismic observation records including those of the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake (Tohoku earthquake). Three different types of analyses were conducted. First, we investigated the long-term changes in the natural frequencies and damping factors by using an ARX model and confirmed that the natural frequency of the superstructure decreased slightly after the main shock of the Tohoku earthquake. Second, we investigated short-term changes in the natural frequencies and damping factors during the main shock by using the N4SID method and observed different transition characteristics between the first and second modes. In the second mode, in which the superstructure response is most significant, the natural frequency changed depending on the response amplitude. In addition, at the beginning of the ground motion, the identified first natural frequency was high possibly as a result of sliding friction. Third, we compared the natural frequencies and damping factors between the conditions of a properly functional semi-active control system and a nonfunctional system, by using the records of the aftershocks of the Tohoku earthquake. However, we could not detect major differences because the response was probably influenced by sliding friction, which had a more significant effect on damping characteristics than did the semi-active dampers.

Key Words
base isolation system; semi-active damper; system identification; 2011 Great East Japan earthquake; structural response

Address
Maki Dan, Yuji Ishizawa, Sho Tanaka, Shuchi Nakahara, Shizuka Wakayama and Masayuki Kohiyama: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

Abstract
Within the context of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), it is often the case that structural systems are described by uncertainty, both with respect to their parameters and the characteristics of the input loads. For the purposes of system identification, efficient modeling procedures are of the essence for a fast and reliable computation of structural response while taking these uncertainties into account. In this work, a reduced order metamodeling framework is introduced for the challenging case of nonlinear structural systems subjected to earthquake excitation. The introduced metamodeling method is based on Nonlinear AutoRegressive models with eXogenous input (NARX), able to describe nonlinear dynamics, which are moreover characterized by random parameters utilized for the description of the uncertainty propagation. These random parameters, which include characteristics of the input excitation, are expanded onto a suitably defined finite-dimensional Polynomial Chaos (PC) basis and thus the resulting representation is fully described through a small number of deterministic coefficients of projection. The effectiveness of the proposed PC-NARX method is illustrated through its implementation on the metamodeling of a five-storey shear frame model paradigm for response in the region of plasticity, i.e., outside the commonly addressed linear elastic region. The added contribution of the introduced scheme is the ability of the proposed methodology to incorporate uncertainty into the simulation. The results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed methodology for accurate prediction and simulation of the numerical model dynamics with a vast reduction of the required computational toll.

Key Words
nonlinear dynamics; earthquake excitation; metamodeling; nonlinear ARX models; polynomial chaos expansion; system identification; uncertainty quantification

Address
Minas D. Spiridonakos and Eleni N. Chatzi: Institute of Structural Engineering, D-BAUG, ETH Zurich Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland

Abstract
Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of steel towers has become a hot research topic. From the literature, it is impractical and impossible to develop a "general" method that can detect all kinds of damages for all types of structures. A practical method should make use of the characteristics of the type of structures and the kind of damages. This paper reports a feasibility study on the use of measured modal parameters for the detection of damaged braces of tower structures following the Bayesian probabilistic approach. A substructure-based structural model-updating scheme, which groups different parts of the target structure systematically and is specially designed for tower structures, is developed to identify the stiffness distributions of the target structure under the undamaged and possibly damaged conditions. By comparing the identified stiffness distributions, the damage locations and the corresponding damage extents can be detected. By following the Bayesian theory, the probability model of the uncertain parameters is derived. The most probable model of the steel tower can be obtained by maximizing the probability density function (PDF) of the model parameters. Experimental case studies were employed to verify the proposed method. The contributions of this paper are not only on the proposal of the substructure-based Bayesian model updating method but also on the verification of the proposed methodology through measured data from a scale model of transmission tower under laboratory conditions.

Key Words
Bayesian approach; damage detection; steel tower; modal identification; model updating

Address
Heung-Fai Lam and Jiahua Yang: Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong


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