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CONTENTS
Volume 7, Number 1, July 2014
 


Abstract
In this paper we consider three different cases and we apply Variational Approach (VA) to solve the non-natural vibrations and oscillations. The method variational approach does not demand small perturbation and with only one iteration can lead to high accurate solution of the problem. Some patterns are presented for these three different cease to show the accuracy and effectiveness of the method. The results are compared with numerical solution using Runge-kutta

Key Words
variational approach; nonlinear oscillators; mathematical pendulum; Runge-Kutta

Address
Iman Pakar: Young Researchers and Elites Club, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

Mahmoud Bayat and Mahdi Bayat: Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract
As the desire for high performance buildings increases, it is increasingly evident that engineers require reliable methods for the estimation of seismic demands on both structural and non-structural components. To this extent, improved tools for the prediction of floor spectra would assist in the assessment of acceleration sensitive non-structural and secondary components. Recently, a new procedure was successfully developed and tested for the simplified construction of floor spectra, at various levels of elastic damping, atop single-degree-of-freedom structures. This paper extends the methodology to multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) supporting systems responding in the elastic range, proposing a simplified modal combination approach for floor spectra over upper storeys and accounting for the limited filtering of the ground motion input that occurs over lower storeys. The procedure is tested numerically by comparing predictions with floor spectra obtained from time-history analyses of RC wall structures of 2- to 20-storeys in height. Results demonstrate that the method performs well for MDOF systems responding in the elastic range. Future research should further develop the approach to permit the prediction of floor spectra in MDOF systems that respond in the inelastic range.

Key Words
floor spectra; non-structural; secondary structural elements; floor accelerations

Address
Paolo M Calvi: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada

Timothy J Sullivan: Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Universita

Abstract
A modified procedure is presented for assessing the seismic response of elastic non-proportionate multistory buildings.This procedure retains the simplicity of the methodology presented by the author in earlier papers, but it presents higher accuracy in buildings composed by very dissimilar types of bents. As a result, not only frequencies and peak values of base resultant forces are determined with higher accuracy, but also the location of the first mode center of rigidity (m1-CR). The closeness of m1-CR with the axis passing through the centers of floor masses (mass axis) implies a reduced rotational response and it is demonstrated that in elastic systemsa practically translational response is obtained when this point lies on the mass axis.Besides, when common types of buildings are detailed as planar structures under a code load, this response is maintained in the inelastic phase of their response as a result of the almost concurrent yielding of all the resisting bents. This property of m1-CR can be used by the practicing engineer as a guideline to form a structural configuration which will sustain minimum rotational response, simply by allocating the resisting elements in such a way that this point lies close to the mass axis. Inelastic multistory building structures, detailed as above, may be regarded as torsionally balanced multistory systems and this is demonstrated in eight story buildings, composed by dissimilar bents, under the ground motions of Kobe 1995 (component KJM000) and Friuli 1976 (component Tolmezzo E-W).

Key Words
modal analysis; eccentric structures; modal centre of rigidity; minimum torsion

Address
George K. Georgoussis: Department of Civil Engineering, School of Pedagogical and Technological Education (ASPETE), N. Heraklion 14121, Attica, Greece

Abstract
The heritage value of the mixed wood-masonry 18th century Pombalino buildings of downtown Lisbon is recognized both nationally and internationally. The present paper focuses on the seismic assessment of global response and retrofitting of a typical Pombalino building by nonlinear static analyses, performed by the research software Tremuri, which is able to model 3D configurations. The structure is modelled using nonlinear beams for masonry panels, while in case of the internal walls (frontal walls) an original formulation has been developed in order to take into account their specific seismic behaviour. Floors are modelled as orthotropic membrane finite elements: this feature allows to simulate the presence of both flexible and rigid diaphragms, being the first ones more representative of the original state while the second ones of retrofitted configurations. Seismic assessment has been evaluated by applying nonlinear static procedure and comparing the performance of different configurations (by considering various retrofitting strategies). Finally, assuming a lognormal cumulative distribution, fragility curves are obtained to be representative of Pombalino buildings: the most important application of such curves is for seismic risk and loss estimation analyses.

Key Words
Pombalino buildings; equivalent frame model; retrofitting; nonlinear static analysis; fragility curves

Address
Helena Meireles and Rita Bento: CIST, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal

Serena Cattari and Sergio Lagomarsino: DICCA, Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, Via Montallegro 1 – 16145 – Genoa, Italy

Abstract
This study is devoted to estimate higher-mode effects for multi-story structures with considering soil-structure interaction subjected to decomposed parts of near-fault ground motions. The soil beneath the super-structure is simulated based on the Cone model concept. Two-dimensional structural models of 5, 15, and 25-story shear buildings are idealized by using nonlinear stick models. The ratio of base shears for the soil-MDOF structure system to those obtained from the equivalent soil-SDOF structure system is selected as an estimator to quantify the higher-mode effects. The results demonstrate that the trend of higher-mode effects is regular for pulse component and has a descending variation with respect to the pulse period, whereas an erratic pattern is obtained for high-frequency component. Moreover, the effect of pulse component on higher modes is more significant than high-frequency part for very short-period pulses and as the pulse period increases this phenomenon becomes vice-versa. SSI mechanism increases the higher-mode effects for both pulse and high-frequency components and slenderizing the super-structure amplifies such effects. Furthermore, for low story ductility ranges, increasing nonlinearity level leads to intensify the higher-mode effects; however, for high story ductility, such effects mitigates.

Key Words
near-fault ground motions; high-frequency effects; higher-mode effects; soil-structure interaction; multiple story structures

Address
Faramarz Khoshnoudian and Ehsan Ahmadi: Department of Civil Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez Ave., Tehran, Iran

Sina Sohrabi: School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Zand Ave.,Shiraz, Iran

Mahdi Kiani: Deprtment of Civil Engineering,Babol Noshirvani Institue of Technology,Babol,Iran

Abstract
This paper presents a reliability-based analysis on seismic performance of timber-steel hybrid shear wall systems. Such system is composed of steel moment resisting frame and infill wood frame shear wall. The performance criteria of the hybrid system with respect to different seismic hazard levels were determined through a damage assessment process, and the effectiveness of the infill wood shear walls on improving the seismic performance of the hybrid systems was evaluated. Performance curves were obtained by considering different target non-exceedance probabilities, and design charts were further established as a function of seismic weight. Wall drift responses and shear forces in wood-steel bolted connections were used as performance criteria in establishing the performance curves to illustrate the proposed design procedure. It was found that the presence of the infill wood shear walls significantly reduced the non-performance probabilities of the hybrid wall systems. This study provides performance-based seismic evaluations on the timber-steel hybrid shear walls in support of future applications of such hybrid systems in multi-story buildings.

Key Words
wood structures; timber-steel hybrid; shear walls; seismic design method; performance-based; performance criteria

Address
Zheng Li, Minjuan He and Minghao Li: Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada

Minjuan He: Department of Building Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China


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