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CONTENTS
Volume 15, Number 3, September 2018
 


Abstract
The present paper deals with the optimum performance of the passive hybrid control system for the benchmark highway bridge under the six earthquakes ground motion. The investigation is carried out on a simplified finite element model of the 91/5 highway overcrossing located in Southern California. A viscous fluid damper (known as VFD) or non-linear fluid viscous spring damper has been used as a passive supplement device associated with polynomial friction pendulum isolator (known as PFPI) to form a passive hybrid control system. A parametric study is considered to find out the optimum parameters of the PFPI system for the optimal response of the bridge. The effect of the velocity exponent of the VFD and non-linear FV spring damper on the response of the bridge is carried out by considering different values of velocity exponent. Further, the influences of damping coefficient and vibration period of the dampers are also examined on the response of the bridge. To study the effectiveness of the passive hybrid system on the response of the isolated bridge, it is compared with the corresponding PFPI isolated bridges. The investigation showed that passive supplement damper such as VFD or non-linear FV spring damper associated with PFPI system is significantly reducing the seismic response of the benchmark highway bridge. Further, it is also observed that non-linear FV spring damper hybrid system is a more promising strategy in reducing the response of the bridge compared to the VFD associated hybrid system.

Key Words
benchmark highway bridge; polynomial friction pendulum isolator; fluid viscous damper; non-linear FV spring damper; hybrid control; SIMULINK; evaluation criteria

Address
Arijit Saha, Purnachandra Saha: School of Civil Engineering, KIIT University, Odisha, India
Sanjaya Kumar Patro: Department of Civil Engineering, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Odisha, India

Abstract
The dynamic responses of a rocking wall-moment frame (RWMF) with a post-tensioned cable are investigated. The nonlinear equations of motions are developed, which can be categorized as a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model. The model is validated through comparison of the rocking response of the rigid rocking wall (RRW) and displacement of the moment frame (MF) against that obtained from Finite Element analysis when subjected ground motion excitation. A comprehensive parametric analysis is carried out to determine the seismic performance factors of the RWMF systems under near-fault trigonometric pulse excitation. The horizontal displacement of the RWMF system is compared with that of MF structures without RRW, revealing the damping effect of the RRW. Frame displacement spectra excited by trigonometric pulses and recorded earthquake ground motions are constructed. The effects of pulse type, mass ratio, frame stiffness, and wall slenderness variations on the displacement spectra are presented. The paper shows that the coupling with a RRW has mixed results on suppressing the maximum displacement response of the frame.

Key Words
rocking wall-moment frame; post-tension; rocking wall; damping; spectra; earthquake; near-fault

Address
Ruoyu Feng: School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua Univerisity, Beijing, China
Ying Chen and Cuozhi Cui: School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China

Abstract
This article details a bridge-specific fragility method developed to enhance the seismic design and resilience of bridges. Current seismic design processes provide guidance for the design of a bridge that will not collapse during a design hazard event. However, they do not provide performance information of the bridge at different hazard levels or due to design changes. Therefore, there is a need for a supplement to this design process that will provide statistical information on the performance of a bridge, beyond traditional emphases on collapse prevention. This article proposes a bridge-specific parameterized fragility method to enable efficient estimation of various levels of damage probability for alternative bridge design parameters. A multi-parameter demand model is developed to incorporate bridge design details directly in the fragility estimation. Monte Carlo simulation and Logistic regression are used to determine the fragility of the bridge or bridge component. The resulting parameterized fragility model offers a basis for a bridge-specific design tool to explore the influence of design parameter variation on the expected performance of a bridge. When used as part of the design process, these tools can help to transform a prescriptive approach into a more performance-based approach, efficiently providing probabilistic performance information about a new bridge design. An example of the method and resulting fragility estimation is presented.

Key Words
bridge-specific fragility; response surface; seismic design process; bridge resilience; probabilistic method

Address
Jazalyn Dukes: Formerly of School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
Sujith Mangalathu: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Jamie E. Padgett and Reginald DesRoches: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA

Abstract
Operational modal analysis is being widely used in aerospace, mechanical and civil engineering. Common research fields include optimal design and rehabilitation under dynamic loads, structural health monitoring, modification and control of dynamic response and analytical model updating. In many practical cases, influence of noise contamination in the recorded data makes it difficult to identify the modal parameters accurately. In this paper, an improved frequency domain method called Enhanced Least Square Complex Frequency (eLSCF) is developed to extract modal parameters from noisy recorded data. The proposed method makes the use of pre-defined approximate mode shape vectors to refine the cross-power spectral density matrix and extract fundamental frequency for the mode of interest. The efficiency of the proposed method is illustrated using an example five story shear frame loaded by random excitation and different noise signals.

Key Words
Operational Modal Analysis (OMA); ambient vibration; frequency domain; Least Square Complex Frequency (LSCF) method; mode shape; noise signal

Address
V. Akrami: Faculty of Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
S. Majid Zamani: Structural Engineering Department, Road, Housing and Urban Research Center, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
Seismic strengthening is essential for existing bridge piers which are deficient to resist the earthquake. The concrete and CFRP jackets with a bottom-anchoring method are used to strengthen railway bridge piers with low reinforcement ratio. Quasi-static tests of scaled down model piers are performed to evaluate the seismic performance of the original and strengthened bridge pier. The fracture characteristics indicate that the vulnerable position of the railway bridge pier with low reinforcement ratio during earthquake is the pier-footing region and shows flexural failure mode. The force-displacement relationships show that the two strengthening techniques using CFRP and concrete jackets can both provide a significant improvement in loadcarrying capacity for railway bridge piers with low reinforcement ratio. It is clear that the bottom-anchoring method by using planted steel bars can guarantee the CFRP and concrete jackets to work jointly with original concrete piers Furthermore, it can be found that the use of CFRP jacket offers advantages over concrete jacket in improving the energy dissipation capacity under lateral cyclic loading. Therefore, the seismic strengthening techniques by the use of CFRP and concrete jackets provide alternative choices for the large numbers of existing railway bridge piers with low reinforcement ratio in China.

Key Words
seismic strengthening techniques; CFRP jacket; concrete jacket; railway bridge pier; low reinforcement ratio

Address
Mingbo Ding: School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Road and Bridge and Underground Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
Xingchong Chen, Xiyin Zhang, Zhengnan Liu and Jinghua Lu: School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China

Abstract
In this study, nonlinear dynamic response of a concrete plate retrofit with Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) under seismic load and magnetic field is investigated. The plate is a composite reinforced by Aluminium oxide with characteristics of the equivalent composite being determined using Mori-Tanka model considering agglomeration effect. The plate is simulated with higher order shear deformation plate model. Employing nonlinear strains-displacements, stress-strain, the energy equations of column was obtained and using Hamilton

Key Words
dynamic response; nano-composite plate; DQM; magnetic field; seismic load

Address
Abolfazl Amoli, Reza Kolahchi and Mahmood Rabani Bidgoli: Department of Civil Engineering, Jasb Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jasb, Iran

Abstract
Reinforced concrete containment (RCC) building has long been considered as the last barrier for keeping the radiation from leaking into the environment. It is important to quantify the performance of these structures and facilities considering extreme conditions. However, the preceding research on evaluating nuclear power plant (NPP) structures, particularly considering mainshock-aftershock seismic sequences, is deficient. Therefore, this manuscript serves to investigate the seismic fragility of a typical RCC building subjected to mainshock-aftershock seismic sequences. The implementation of the fragility assessment has been performed based on the incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) method. A lumped mass RCC model considering the tri-linear skeleton curve and the maximum point-oriented hysteretic rule is employed for IDA analyses. The results indicate that the seismic capacity of the RCC building would be overestimated without taking into account the mainshock-aftershock effects. It is also found that the seismic capacity of the RCC building decreases with the increase of the relative intensity of aftershock ground motions to mainshock ground motions. In addition, the effects of artificial mainshockaftershock ground motions generated from the repeated and randomized approaches and the polarity of the aftershock with respect to the mainshock on the evaluation of the RCC are also researched, respectively.

Key Words
reinforced concrete containment building; mainshock-aftershock effects; fragility assessment; HCLPF capacity; IDA

Address
Chang-Hai Zhai: School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang, Harbin, 150090, China; Key Lab of Smart Prevention and Mitigation of Civil Engineering Disasters of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
Zhi Zheng: College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
Shuang Li: School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang, Harbin, 150090, China; Key Lab of Smart Prevention and Mitigation of Civil Engineering Disasters of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
Xiaolan Pan: College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China

Abstract
The current study explores the soil-structure interaction (SSI) effect on the potential seismic damage of mid-rise non-seismically designed reinforced concrete frames retrofitted by Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP). An 8-storey reinforced concrete frame poorly-confined due to transverse reinforcement deficiency is selected and then retrofitted by FRP wraps to provide external confinement. The poorly-confined and FRP retrofitted frames with/without SSI are modelled using hysteretic nonlinear elements. Inelastic time history and damage analyses are performed for these frames subjected to different seismic intensities. The results show that the FRP confinement significantly reduces one or two damage levels for the poorly-confined frame. More importantly, the SSI effect is found to increase the potential seismic damage of the retrofitted frame, reducing the effectiveness of FRP retrofitting. This finding, which is contrary to the conventionally beneficial concept of SSI governing for decades in structural and earthquake engineering, is worth taking into account in designing and evaluating retrofitted structures.

Key Words
soil-structure interaction; damage; reinforced concrete frame; earthquake; FRP

Address
Vui Van Cao: Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology (HCMUT)-Vietnam National University, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam

Abstract
In this paper, an analytical study was carried out to propose an optimum base-isolated system for the design of steel structures equipped with lead rubber bearings (LRB). For this, 5 and 10-storey steel moment resisting frames (MRFs) were designed as Special Moment Frame (SMF). These two-dimensional and three-bay frames equipped with a set of isolation systems within a predefined range that minimizes the response of the base-isolated frames subjected to a series of earthquakes. In the design of LRB, two main parameters, namely, isolation period (T) and the ratio of strength to weight (Q/W) supported by isolators were considered as 2.25, 2.5, 2.75 and 3 s, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15, respectively. The Force-deformation behavior of the isolators was modelled by the bi-linear behavior which could reflect the nonlinear characteristics of the lead-plug bearings. The base-isolated frames were modelled using a finite element program and those performances were evaluated in the light of the nonlinear time history analyses by six natural accelerograms compatible with seismic hazard levels of 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years. The performance of the isolated frames was assessed in terms of roof displacement, relative displacement, interstorey drift, absolute acceleration, base shear and hysteretic curve.

Key Words
base isolation; lead rubber bearing; moment resisting frame; non-linear analysis; structural response control

Address
Ahmet H. Deringol: Department of Civil Engineering, Gaziantep University, 27310, Gaziantep, Turkey
Huseyin Bilgin: Department of Civil Engineering, Epoka University, Tirana, Albania

Abstract
This paper presents numerical modelling, modal testing, finite element model updating, linear and nonlinear earthquake behavior of a reinforced concrete building model. A 1/2 geometrically scale, two-storey, reinforced concrete frame model with raft base were constructed, tested and analyzed. Modal testing on the model using ambient vibrations is performed to illustrate the dynamic characteristics experimentally. Finite element model of the structure is developed by ANSYS software and dynamic characteristics such as natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios are calculated numerically. The enhanced frequency domain decomposition method and the stochastic subspace identification method are used for identifying dynamic characteristics experimentally and such values are used to update the finite element models. Different parameters of the model are calibrated using manual tuning process to minimize the differences between the numerically calculated and experimentally measured dynamic characteristics. The maximum difference between the measured and numerically calculated frequencies is reduced from 28.47% to 4.75% with the model updating. To determine the effects of the finite element model updating on the earthquake behavior, linear and nonlinear earthquake analyses are performed using 1992 Erzincan earthquake record, before and after model updating. After model updating, the maximum differences in the displacements and stresses were obtained as 29% and 25% for the linear earthquake analysis and 28% and 47% for the nonlinear earthquake analysis compared with that obtained from initial earthquake results before model updating. These differences state that finite element model updating provides a significant influence on linear and especially nonlinear earthquake behavior of buildings.

Key Words
ambient vibration testing; dynamics characteristics; linear earthquake behavior; nonlinear earthquake behavior; finite element model updating

Address
Murat Gunaydin, Suleyman Adanur and Ahmet C. Altunisik: Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey


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