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CONTENTS
Volume 25, Number 4, April 2020
 


Abstract
The present paper researches post-buckling behaviors of geometrically imperfect concrete beam resting on elastic foundation reinforced with graphene oxide powders (GOPs) based on finite element method (FEM). Distribution of GOPs are considered as uniform and linearly graded through the thickness. Geometric imperfection is considered as first buckling mode shape of the beam, the GOP reinforced beam is rested in initial position. The material properties of GOP reinforced composite have been calculated via employment of Halpin-Tsai micromechanical scheme. The provided refined beam element verifies the shear deformation impacts needless of any shear correction coefficient. The post-buckling load-deflections relations have been calculated via solving the governing equations having cubic non-linearity implementing FEM. Obtained findings indicate the importance of GOP distributions, GOP weight fraction, matrix material, geometric imperfection, shear deformation and foundation parameters on nonlinear buckling behavior of GOP reinforced beam.

Key Words
post-buckling; refined beam theory; nano-composite; graphene oxide powders; finite element method

Address
Seyed Sajad Mirjavadi: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
Masoud Forsat: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
Yahya Zakariya Yahya: Auckland Bioengineering Institute, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Mohammad Reza Barati: Fidar project Qaem Company, Darvazeh Dolat, Tehran, Iran
Anirudh Narasimamurthy Jayasimha: Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Science, Sankt Augustin, Germany
Imran Khan: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 814, Pakistan

Abstract
Connections play a significant role in strength of structures against earthquake-induced loads. According to the postseismic reports, connection failure is a cause of overall failure in reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Connection failure results in a sudden increase in inter-story drift, followed by early and progressive failure across the entire structure. This article investigated the cyclic performance and behavioral improvement of shape-memory alloy-based connections (SMA-based connections). The novelty of the present work is focused on the effect of shape memory alloy bars is damage reduction, strain recoverability, and cracking distribution of the stated material in RC moment frames under seismic loads using 3D nonlinear static analyses. The present numerical study was verified using two experimental connections. Then, the performance of connections was studied using 14 models with different reinforcement details on a scale of 3:4. The response parameters under study included moment-rotation, secant stiffness, energy dissipation, strain of bar, and moment-curvature of the connection. The connections were simulated using LS-DYNA environment. The models with longitudinal SMA-based bars, as the main bars, could eliminate residual plastic rotations and thus reduce the demand for post-earthquake structural repairs. The flag-shaped stress-strain curve of SMA-based materials resulted in a very slight residual drift in such connections.

Key Words
beam-column panel zone; reinforced concrete; SMA-based materials; energy dissipation; residual drift

Address
Amirhosein Ghasemitabar, Javad Mokari Rahmdel and Erfan Shafei: Faculty of Civil Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, Iran

Abstract
In this research, a hybrid mathematical model is derived using the higher-order polynomial kinematic model in association with soft computing technique for the prediction of best fiber volume fractions and the minimal mass of the layered composite structure. The optimal values are predicted further by taking the frequency parameter as the constraint and the projected values utilized for the computation of the eigenvalue and deflections. The optimal mass of the total layered composite and the corresponding optimal volume fractions are evaluated using the particle swarm optimization by constraining the arbitrary frequency value as mass/volume minimization functions. The degree of accuracy of the optimal model has been proven through the comparison study with published well-known research data. Further, the predicted values of volume fractions are incurred for the evaluation of the eigenvalue and the deflection data of the composite structure. To obtain the structural responses i.e. vibrational frequency and the central deflections the proposed higher-order polynomial FE model adopted. Finally, a series of numerical experimentations are carried out using the optimal fibre volume fraction for the prediction of the optimal frequencies and deflections including associated structural parameter.

Key Words
HSDT; PSO; laminated composite; optimization; fiber volume fraction

Address
K. Lalepalli Anil: National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela - 769008, Odisha, India
Subrata K. Panda: National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela - 769008, Odisha, India
Nitin Sharma: School of Mechanical Engineering, KIIT, Bhubaneswar- 751024, Odisha, India
Chetan K. Hirwani: Deparment of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, India
Umut Topal: Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Technology, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
In this research work, the hygrothermal and mechanical buckling responses of simply supported FG sandwich plate seated on Winkler-Pasternak elastic foundation are investigated using a novel shear deformation theory. The current model take into consideration the shear deformation effects and ensures the zero shear stresses on the free surfaces of the FG-sandwich plate without requiring the correction factors \"Ks\". The material properties of the faces sheets of the FG-sandwich plate are assumed varies as power law function \"P-FGM\" and the core is isotropic (purely ceramic). From the virtual work principle, the stability equations are deduced and resolved via Navier model. The hygrothermal effects are considered varies as a nonlinear, linear and uniform distribution across the thickness of the FG-sandwich plate. To check and confirm the accuracy of the current model, a several comparison has been made with other models found in the literature. The effects the temperature, moisture concentration, parameters of elastic foundation, side-to-thickness ratio, aspect ratio and the inhomogeneity parameter on the critical buckling of FG sandwich plates are also investigated.

Key Words
buckling; hygrothermal effect; elastic foundation; Hamilton

Address
Salah Refrafi: Materials and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, Algeria; Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Science &Technology, Abbes Laghrour University, Khenchela, Algeria
Abdelmoumen Anis Bousahla: Laboratoire de Modelisation et Simulation Multi-echelle, Universite de Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261 Dhahran,
Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
Abdelhakim Bouhadra: Materials and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, Algeria; Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Science &Technology, Abbes Laghrour University, Khenchela, Algeria
Abderrahmane Menasria: Materials and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, Algeria; Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Science &Technology, Abbes Laghrour University, Khenchela, Algeria
Fouad Bourada: Materials and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, Algeria; Departement des Sciences et de la Technologie, centre universitaire de Tissemsilt, BP 38004 Ben Hamouda, Algeria
Abdeldjebbar Tounsi: Materials and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, Algeria
E.A. Adda Bedia: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261 Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
S.R. Mahmoud: GRC Department, Jeddah Community College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Kouider Halim Benrahou: Materials and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, Algeria
Abdelouahed Tounsi: Materials and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, Algeria; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261 Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract
Advanced forms of structural design (e.g. displacement-based methods) require knowledge of the non-linear forcedisplacement behavior of both the overall building and individual lateral load resisting elements, i.e., walls or building cores. Similarly, understanding the non-linear behaviour of the elements in a structure can also allow for a less conservative structural response to be calculated by better understanding the cracked (i.e., effective) properties of the various RC elements. Calculating the non-linear response of an RC section typically involves using \'black box\' analysis packages, wherein the user may not be in complete control nor be aware of all the intricate settings and/or decisions behind the scenes. This paper introduces a userfriendly and transparent analysis program for predicting the back-bone force displacement behavior of slender (i.e., flexure controlled) RC walls, building cores or columns. The program has been validated and benchmarked theoretically against both commonly available and widely used analysis packages and experimentally against a database of 16 large-scale RC wall test specimens. The program, which is called WHAM, is written using Microsoft Excel spreadsheets to promote transparency and allow users to further develop or modify to suit individual requirements. The program is available free-of-charge and is intended to be used as an educational tool for structural designers, researchers or students.

Key Words
RC walls; reinforced concrete walls; non-linear analysis of RC walls

Address
Scott J. Menegon, John L. Wilson, Emad F. Gad1: Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia
Nelson T.K. Lam: Department of Infrastructure Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia

Abstract
In this paper, vibration characteristics of chiral double-walled carbon nanotubes entrenched on Kelvin\'s model. The Eringen\'s nonlocal elastic equations are being combined with Kelvin\'s theory to observe small scale response. A nonlocal model has been formulated to explore the frequency spectrum of chiral double-walled CNTs along with diversity of indices and nonlocal parameter. Wave propagation is proposed technique to establish field equations of model subjected to four distinct end supports. The significance of scale effect in relevance of length-to-diameter and thickness- to- radius ratios are discussed and displayed in detail.

Key Words
concrete bridge; concrete structures; fatique; polymer concrete; reinforced concrete buildings; structural analysis/design

Address
Muzamal Hussain, Muhammad N. Naeem, Sehar Asghar: Department of Mathematics, Govt. College University Faisalabad, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Abdelouahed Tounsi: Materials and Hydrology Laboratory University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria Faculty of Technology Civil Engineering Department, Algeria; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261 Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
This paper proposed a numerical investigation based on finite elements analysis (FEA) in order to study the punching shear behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) flat slabs using ABAQUS and SAP2000 programs. Firstly, the concrete and the steel reinforcements were modeled by hexahedral 3D solid and linear elements respectively, and the nonlinearity of the used materials was considered. In order to validate this model, experimental results considered in literature were compared with the proposed FE model. After validation, a parametric study was performed. The parameters include the slab thickness, the flexure reinforcement ratios and the axial membrane loads. Then, to reduce the time of FEA, a simplified modelling using 3D layered shell element and shear hinge concept was also induced. The effect of the footings settlement was studied using the proposed simplified nonlinear model as a case study. Results of numerical models showed that increase of the slab thickness by 185.7% enhanced the ultimate load by 439.1%, accompanied with a brittle punching failure. The punching failure occurred in one of the tested specimens when the tensile reinforcement ratio increased more than 0.65% and the punching capacity improved with increasing the horizontal flexural reinforcement; it decreased by 30% with the settlement of the outer footings.

Key Words
RC flat slab; punching failure; finite element analysis; parametric analysis; simplified model; case study; footings settlement

Address
Galal Elsamak and Sabry Fayed: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt

Abstract
This paper presents a discussion of the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) when applied for the analysis of concrete elements reinforced with glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. The purpose of such nonlinear FEA model development is to create a tool that can be used for numerical parametric studies which can be used to extend the existing (and limited) experiment database. The presented research focuses on the numerical analyses of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP longitudinal and shear reinforcements. FEA of concrete members reinforced with linear elastic brittle reinforcements (like GFRP) presents unique challenges when compared to the analysis of members reinforced with plastic (steel) reinforcements, which are discussed in the paper. Specifically, the behaviour and failure of GFRP reinforced members are strongly influenced by the compressive response of concrete and thus modelling of concrete behaviour is essential for proper analysis. FEA was performed using the commercial software ABAQUS. A damaged-plasticity model was utilized to simulate the concrete behaviour. The influence of tension, compression, dilatancy, mesh, and reinforcement modelling was studied to replicate experimental test data of beams previously tested at the University of Waterloo, Canada. Recommendations for the finite element modelling of beams reinforced with GFRP longitudinal and shear reinforcements are offered. The knowledge gained from this research allows for the development of a rational methodology for modelling GFRP reinforced concrete beams, which subsequently can be used for extensive parametric studies and the formation of informed recommendations to design standards.

Key Words
fibre reinforced polymers (FRP); concrete; finite element analysis; ABAQUS; concrete damaged plasticity model; nonlinear finite element analysis

Address
Joseph G. Stoner: WSP Canada, 610 Chartwell Road, Suite 300, Oakville, Ontario, L6J 4A5, Canada
Maria Anna Polak: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada


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