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CONTENTS
Volume 17, Number 4, October 2024
 

Abstract
In this paper, the simplified ordinary differential equations are solved with shooting technique. The concentration and microorganism slip boundary conditions are implemented. Non-linear expression is reduced via non-dimensional variables. The microorganism distribution declines by increasing Lewis number and microorganism slip parameter. Behavior of distinct influential parameters viz: Eckert number, bioconvected Lewis number, bioconvected Peclet number, microorganisms slip parameter are investigated graphically and analyzed for concentration and microorganism. Enhanced concentration is correlated with energy activation. An acceptable agreement is reached when the numerical technique is compared to the existing literature. The magnitude of microorganism transfer rate shows decreasing behavior for higher values of slip parameters.

Key Words
bioconvected Lewis number; bioconvected Peclet number; Eckert number; microorganisms slip parameter

Address
Muzamal Hussain:Department of Mathematics, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, 57000, Pakistan

Mohamed Amine Khadimallah and Elimam Ali: Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 16273, Saudi Arabia

Humaira Sharif: Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to study vibration of sandwich cylindrical shell with damaged core and FG face sheets resting on a two-parameter elastic foundation based on three-dimensional theory of elasticity. Three complicated equations of motion for the structure under consideration are semi-analytically solved by using generalized differential quadrature method. The structures are made of a damaged isotropic core and two external face sheets. These skins are strengthened at the nanoscale level by randomly oriented Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and are reinforced at the microscale stage by oriented straight fibers. These reinforcing phases are included in a polymer matrix and a three-phase approach based on the Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka scheme and on the Halpin-Tsai approach, which is developed to compute the overall mechanical properties of the composite material. Several parametric analyses are carried out to investigate the mechanical behavior of these multi-layered structures depending on the damage features. A detailed parametric study is carried out in order to reveal the effects of different profiles of two-parameter elastic foundation modulus, different geometrical parameters such as the mid radius-to-thickness ratio, length-to-mean radius ratio and the thickness of face sheets on the vibrational characteristics of the damaged functionally graded sandwich cylindrical shell.

Key Words
damaged isotropic core; Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka scheme; generalized differential quadrature method; Halpin-Tsai equation; laminated cylindrical shell; three-dimensional theory of elasticity; two-parameter elastic foundation

Address
Aseel J. Mohammed: Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq

Bassam A. Mohammed: Thermal Mechanic Techniques Engineering Department, Basra Engineering Technical College, Southern Technical University, Basra, Iraq

Hatam K. Kadhom: Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq

Anmar Ghanim Taki: Department of Radiology Techniques, Health and Medical Techniques College, Alnoor University, Mosul, Iraq

Vahid Tahouneh: Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran

Abstract
Here, vibration of double walled carbon nanotubes is evaluated using Euler-Bernoulli beam model. These tubes are placed on Winkler elastic foundation. A simple Galerkin's approach is presented to solve the tube governing equations and for extracting of vibration eigen-frequencies of double walled carbon nanotubes. The procedure is easy for computer programming with various combinations of boundary conditions. The frequency influence is observed with different parameters. Effects of Winkler foundation versus frequencies with varying lengths is examined for a number of boundary conditions. It is noticed that the frequencies are lower for higher length on increasing the Winkler foundation. The frequencies of clamped-clamped are higher than that of clamped simply supported end condition. The obtained results are compared with some experimental ones.

Key Words
boundary conditions; computer programming; double walled carbon nanotubes; Winkler elastic foundation

Address
Muzamal Hussain: Department of Mathematics, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, 57000, Pakistan

Mohamed A. Khadimallah: Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia

Hamdi Ayed: Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha - 61421, Saudi Arabia

Emad Ghandourah: Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Abir Mouldi: Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha - 61421, Saudi Arabia

Abdelouahed Tounsi: YFL (Yonsei Frontier Lab), Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea/ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261 Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia


Abstract
This paper deals with the effect of non-linear volume fraction distribution of carbon nanotube in the FG-CNTRC beams on the critical buckling via a hyperbolic shear deformation theory. Here, different boundary condition was considered including hinged hinged, clamped clamped and clamped-free. Single-walled carbon nanotubes are aligned and distributed in the polymer matrix in different ways to reinforce it and the material properties of (CNTRC) beams are assumed to vary gradually along the thickness direction, following a new exponential power law distribution of (CNT). The effective material properties of nanocomposite beams are estimated using the rule of mixture. The governing equations of the mathematical models are obtained by applying Hamilton's principle. The results provided of mathematical models in this work are compared and validated with similar ones in the literature. The critical buckling loads of nanocomposite beams with different boundary conditions of linear and non-linear distribution of CNT volume fraction were obtained. The effects of several parameters, including the type of beam, the volume fraction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the exponent degree (n), and the aspect ratio, were investigated. The distribution non-linearity of CNT volume fraction in the beam has a significant impact on the mechanical properties, particularly in buckling behavior with different boundary conditions.

Key Words
boundary conditions; critical buckling; FG-CNT; nanotube; non-linear; volume fraction

Address
Youcef Tlidji and Khaled Bouakkaz: Materials and Structures Laboratory, Civil Engineering Department, University of Tiaret, Algeria

Mohamed Zidour and Rachid Zerrouki: Laboratory of Geomatics and Sustainable Development, University of Tiaret, Algeria

Abdelillah Benahmed: Laboratory of Geomatics and Sustainable Development, University of Tiaret, Algeria/ Department of Physique, University of Blida 1,270 BP Route Soumâa -BLIDA-, Algeria

Boumediene Serbah: Water and Works in Their Environment Laboratory (EOLE), University of Tlemcen, BP 230, 13000, Algeria/ Civil Engineering Department , University of Tiaret, Algeria

Kada Draiche: Civil Engineering Department, University of Tiaret, Algeria/ Material and Hydrology Laboratory, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, SidiBel Abbes, Algeria


Abstract
This paper investigates the mechanical behavior of a new type of functionally graded graphene-reinforced nanocomposite (FG-GRNC) doubly-curved laminated shells, referred to as cosine FG-GRNC. The study employs a refined higher-order shear deformation shell theory combined with a modified continuum nonlocal strain gradient theory. The effective Young's modulus of the GRNC shell in the thickness direction is determined using the modified Halpin-Tsai model, while Poisson's ratio and mass density are calculated using the rule of mixtures. The analysis includes two graphene-reinforced distribution patterns—FG-A CNRCs and FG-B CNRCs—along with uniform UD CNRCs. An enhanced Galerkin method is used to solve the governing equilibrium equations for the GRNC nanoshell, yielding closed-form solutions for bending deflection and critical buckling loads. The nanoshell is supported by an orthotropic elastic foundation characterized by three parameters. A detailed parametric analysis is performed to evaluate how factors such as the length scale parameter, nonlocal parameter, distribution pattern, GPL weight fraction, shell thickness, and shell geometry influence deflections and critical buckling loads.

Key Words
cosine FG-CNTRC shells; galerkin method; higher-order shear deformation theory; mechanical response; refined displacement field; orthotropic elastic foundation

Address
Mohamed A. Eltaher: Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80204, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

A.A. Daikh: Department of Technical Sciences, Center University Salhi Ahmed, Naâma 45000, Algeria/ Laboratoire d'Etude des Structures et de Mécanique des Matériaux, Département de Génie Civil, Faculté des Sciences et de la Technologie, Université Mustapha Stambouli, Mascara, Algerie

Amin Hamdi: Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Gamal S. Abdelhaffez: Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Azza M. Abdraboh: Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

Abstract
This research uses a numerical technique and a neural network process to investigate the stability management of non-uniform cylindrical constructions with varying sizes. The non-uniform or truncated conical shapes vary in axial length. This complicated geometry results in partial differential equations in the mathematical explanation of stability performance. Furthermore, material distributions vary in the radial direction in functionally graded materials such as metal and ceramic. The governing equations are obtained from beam theory using the energy technique and non-classical size-dependent theory, respectively. These equations are then solved using both a numerical and neural network methodology. This research can potentially be utilized in nanotechnology to build and evaluate size-dependent non-uniform cylindrical structures. As a consequence, it will help to develop sophisticated nanoscale materials and architectures.

Key Words
functionally graded materials; neural network procedure; non-uniform cylindrical structures; numerical approach; stability control

Address
Xiaoqi Sun: School of Mathematics and Statistics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China

Abstract
Annular nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS) in intelligent prosthetic hands enhance precision by serving as highly sensitive sensors for detecting pressure, vibrations, and deformations. This improves feedback and control, enabling users to modulate grip strength and tactile interaction with objects more effectively, enhancing prosthetic functionality. This research focuses on the electro-thermal buckling behavior of multi-directional poroelastic annular NEMS used as temperature sensors in airplanes. In the present study, thermal buckling performance of nano-scale annular functionally graded plate structures integrated with piezoelectric layers under electrical and extreme thermal loadings is investigated. In this regard, piezoelectric layers are placed on a disk made of metal matrix composite with graded properties in three radials, thickness and circumferential directions. The grading properties obey the power-law distribution. The whole structure is embedded in thermal environment. To model the mechanical behavior of the structure, a novel four-variable refined quasi-3D sinusoidal shear deformation theory (RQ-3DSSDT) is engaged in obtaining displacement field in the whole structure. The validity of the results is examined by comparing to a similar problem published in literature. The results of the buckling behavior of the structure in different boundary conditions are presented based on the critical temperature rise and critical external voltage. It is demonstrated that increase in the nonlocal and gradient length scale factor have contradicting effects on the critical temperature rise. On the other hand, increase in the applied external voltage cause increase in the critical temperature. Effects of other parameters like geometrical parameters and grading indices are presented and discussed in details.

Key Words
annular sector nanodisk; artificial intelligence; electro-thermal buckling; finite difference method; prosthetic hands

Address
Jialing Li and Zefang Wang: School of Artificial intellegence, Chongqing Youth Vocational & Technical College; Chongqing 401320, China

Gongxing Yan: Luzhou vocational and technical college, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China

Belgacem Bouallegue: Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, ABHA, 61421, Saudi Arabia

Tamim Alkhalifah: Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
NEMS (Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems) devices play a significant role in the advancement of prosthetic hands due to their unique properties at the nanoscale. Their integration enhances the functionality, sensitivity, and performance of prosthetic limbs. Understanding the electro-thermal buckling behavior of such structures is crucial since they may be subjected to extreme heat. So, in this paper, the two-dimensional hyperbolic differential quadrature method (2D-HDQM) integrated with a four-variable refined quasi-3D tangential shear deformation theory (RQ-3DTSDT) in view of the trace of thickness stretching is extended to study electro-thermal buckling response of three-directional poroelastic FG (3D-PFG) circular sector nanoplate patched with piezoelectric layer. Aimed at discovering the real governing equations, coupled equations with the aid of compatibility conditions are employed. Regarding modeling the size-impacts, nonlocal refined logarithmic strain gradient theory (NRLSGT) with two variables called nonlocal and length scale factors is examined. Numerical experimentation and comparison are used to indicate the precision and proficiency related to the created procedure. After obtaining the outputs of the mathematics, an appropriate dataset is used for testing, training and validating of the artificial intelligence. In the results section will be discussed the trace associated with multiple geometrical and physical factors on the electro-thermal buckling performance of the current nanostructure. These findings are essential for the design and optimization of NEMS applications in various fields, including sensing, actuation, and electronics, where thermal stability is paramount. The study's insights contribute to the development of more reliable and efficient NEMS devices, ensuring their robust performance under varying thermal conditions.

Key Words
artificial intelligence; circular NEMS; electro-thermal buckling; prosthetic hands; 2D-HDQM

Address
Jialing Li and Zhongjian Tang: School of Artificial intellegence, Chongqing Youth Vocational & Technical College; Chongqing 401320, China

Gongxing Yan: Luzhou vocational and technical college, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China

Saifeldin M. Siddeeg: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, 61413 Abha, Saudi Arabia

Tamim Alkhalifah: Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia

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