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CONTENTS
Volume 17, Number 3, September 2024
 

Abstract
This work investigates the thermo-mechanical vibration frequencies of an embedded composite nano-beam restrained with elastic springs at both ends. Composite nanobeam consists of a matrix and short fibers as reinforcement elements placed inside the matrix. An approach based on Fourier sine series and Stokes' transform is adopted to present a general solution that can examine the elastic boundary conditions of the short-fiber-reinforced nanobeam considered with the Halpin-Tsai model. In addition to the elastic medium effect considered by the Winkler model, the size effect is also considered on the basis of non-local strain gradient theory. After creating an eigenvalue problem that includes all the mentioned parameters, this problem is solved to examine the effects of fiber and matrix properties, size parameters, Winkler stiffness and temperature change. The numerical results obtained at the end of the study show that increasing the rigidity of the Winkler foundation, the ratio of fiber length to diameter and the ratio of fiber Young's modulus to matrix Young's modulus increase the frequencies. However, thermal loads acting in the positive direction and an increase in the ratio of fiber mass density to matrix mass density lead to a decrease in frequencies. In this study, it is clear from the eigenvalue solution calculating the frequencies of thermally loaded embbeded short-fiber-reinforced nanobeams that changing the stiffness of the deformable springs provides frequency control while keeping the other properties of the nanobeam constant.

Key Words
elastic boundaries; non-local strain gradient theory; short-fiber-reinforced nanobeam; thermo-mechanical vibration; Winkler foundation

Address
Murat Akpinar, Büşra Uzun and Mustafa Özgür Yayli: Bursa Uludag University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, Görükle Campus, 16059, Bursa/Turkey

Abstract
Nanotechnology is one of the critical factors involved in enhancing the sensitivity of serum biomarker detection. To explore the relationship between serum APN, Cystatin C and MMP-9 levels in patients with hypertension during pregnancy and the severity and prognosis of the disease. A total of 75 cases of hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy (HDCP) patients who were admitted to the hospital from February 5, 2023 to May 9, 2024, were selected as the study group, and 70 healthy pregnant women who were in the same gestational week were selected as the control group. The serum APN, MMP-9 and Cys C levels of pregnant women and HDCP patients with different disease severity were compared between the two groups, and the receiver characteristic curve (ROC) was used to analyze its diagnostic value. The serum APN, MMP-9 and Cys C levels of HDCP patients with different prognosis were compared, and the factors affecting the prognosis of patients were analyzed by Logistic regression. Nanoparticles could aslo enable the sensitive detection and quantification of APN, Cystatin C, and MMP-9 in serum samples, thus increasing the accuracy of the study. The serum MMP-9 and Cys C levels of pregnant women in the study group were significantly increased, and the APN level was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Serum MMP-9 and Cys C levels in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension, mild preeclampsia, and severe preeclampsia gradually increased (r=0.768, 0.766; P<0.001), and APN levels gradually decreased (r=-0.748, P< 0.001). In the diagnosis of patients with HDCP, the sensitivity, specificity and AUC of APN single diagnosis were 70.00%, 82.67% and 9.848 respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and AUC of MMP-9 single diagnosis were 82.86%, 74.67% and 298.300 respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and AUC of Cys C single diagnosis were 80.00%, 74.67% and 1.301 respectively. There were significant differences in age, BMI, parity, dysthymia, disease severity, APN, MMP-9 and Cys between patients with poor prognosis of HDCP and patients with good prognosis of HDCP (P<0.001). The patient's age, BMI, disease severity, APN, MMP-9 and Cys Cwere all related to HDCP. They were related risk factors of HDCP (P<0.05).

Key Words
APN; biomarker; correlation; cystatin C; diagnosis; hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy; MMP-9; nanotechnology

Address
Hui Deng, Yu-Lan Fan and Yu-Qi Wang: The People's Hospital of Yubei District of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China

Yin Yang: Department of Infection Controlling Section, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children), Chongqing, China

Da-Yong Jiang: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China

Abstract
In this paper, dynamic response of annular nanoplates in improving sports equipment with surface effect embedded by visco Pasternak fractional foundation is studied. Size effects are evaluated by modified couple stress theory (MCST) and the surface effects are considered by the Gurtin-Murdoch theory. The structural damping effect is considered in this research using Kelvin-Voigt model. Sinusoidal shear deformation theory (SSDT) is applied for mathematical modelling of the nanostructure system. The numerical procedure of differential quadrature (DQ) is presented to determine the dynamic deflection as well as dynamic response of the annular nanoplates. The numerical results dynamic deflection of the nanostructure is considering, including material length scale parameter, spring and damper constants of visco-pasternak fractional foundation, geometrical parameters of annular nanoplates, surface stress effects.

Key Words
annular/circular nanoplates; couple stress theories; dynamic response; improving sports equipment; sinusoidal; surface effects

Address
Xinrui Yang: College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China

Amir Behshad: Faculty of Technology and Mining, Yasouj University, Choram 75761-59836, Iran

Abstract
This study explores the transmission of waves through polymer composite nanoplates situated on varying elastic foundations. The reinforcement of these nanoplates is assured by graphene nanoplatelets (GNP). Furthermore, the material's behavior is assessed using the Halpin-Tsai model, while the precise representations of stress and strain effects are ensured by the four variables higher order shear deformation theory. The equations of motion are obtained and resolved through the application of Hamilton's principle and the trial function. The study examines how different factors, like the nonlocal parameter, strain gradient parameter, weight fraction, and variable elastic foundations affect the outcomes of wave propagation in nanoplates. This thorough investigation offers valuable insights into the difficult behavior of wave dynamics in nanoplates, this has led to substantial advancements in engineering applications for the future.

Key Words
polymer composite; wave propagation; graphene nanoplatelet; variable foundation

Address
Ahmed Kadiri: Faculty of Technology, Department of Basic Teaching in Science and Technology, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria

Mohamed Bendaida and Abdelmoumen Anis Bousahla: Laboratoire de Modélisation et Simulation Multi-échelle, Université de Sidi Bel Abbés, Algeria

Amina Attia:Engineering and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Civil Engineering Department, University of Ain Temouchent, Algeria

Mohammed Balubaid: Department of Industrial Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

S. R. Mahmoud: GRC Department, Applied College, King Abdulaziz University. Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

Abdeldjebbar Tounsi: Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Relizane, Algeria/ Material and Hydrology Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria

Fouad Bourada: Material and Hydrology Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria

Abdelouahed Tounsi: Material and Hydrology Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria/ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261 Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia


Abstract
The paper discusses the potential of nanomaterials in revolutionizing basketball equipment by applying them to advance padding and shock absorption technologies in order to bring more control and comfort to the players. Nanotechnology devised new solutions for the challenges that the players are exposed to by dealing with issues such as better control reducing shock to the hands and wrists during those most decisive periods of every game: dribbling, passing, and catching. This work embeds nanomaterials in basketballs to understand their efficacy in reducing the amount of force transmitted to players, thereby reducing the risk of injuries and fatigue. The research gives an in-depth look into the structural properties and performance benefits of nanomaterial-enhanced padding in balls for optimized comfort and control to players and improvement in the dynamics of gameplay. The future of nanotechnology in the design of basketball equipment finds further bases in an in-depth analysis and is experimentally validated with respect to the prospects of a ball that is safer, long-lasting, and with improved performance.

Key Words
basketball; nanomaterials; padding; performance and control; shock absorption

Address
XU Xi-hong: Sport Department, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232000, China

S. Obaye: Graduate School of Intelligent Data Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliou, Yunlin 640301, Taiwan

S. M. Abo-Dahab: Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt

M. Saif AlDien: Department of Mathematics, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia

A. Yvaz: World-Class Research Center "Advanced Digital Technologies", State Marine Technical University, Saint Petersburg, 190121 Russia

Abstract
This work aims to study and analyse the dynamic size dependent behvior of functionally graded carbon nanotubes (FGCNTs) nanoplates embedded in elastic media and subjected to moving point load. The non-classical effect is incorporated into the governing equations using the nonlocal strain gradient theory (NSGT). Four different reinforcement configurations of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered to show the effect of reinforcement configuration on the dynamic behvior of the FGCNTs nanoplates. The material characteristics of the functionally graded materials are assumed to be continuously distributed throughout the thickness direction according to the power law. The Hamiltonian principle is exploited to derive the dynamic governing equations of motion and the associated boundary conditions in the framework of the first order shear deformation plate theory. The Navier analytical approach is adopted to solve the governing equations of motion. The obtained solution is checked by comparing the obtained results with the available results in the literature and the comparison shows good agreement. Numerical results are obtained and discussed. Obtained results showed the significant impact of the elastic foundation parameters, the non-classical material parameters, the CNT configurations, and the volume fractions on the free and forced vibration behaviors of the FGCNT nanoplate embedded in two parameters elastic foundation and subjected to moving load.

Key Words
FGCNTs nanoplate; elastic media; moving point load; non-classical effect; NSGT; reinforcement configuration

Address
Mohamed A Eltaher: Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80204, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Ismail Esen: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey

Alaa A. Abdelrahman: Mechanical Design & Production Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44519, Zagazig, Egypt

Azza M. Abdraboh: Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

Abstract
In this article, a nonlocal stress-strain elasticity theory on the vibration analysis of Timoshenko sandwich beam theory with symmetric and asymmetric distributions of porous core and functionally graded material facesheets is introduced. According to nonlocal elasticity Eringen's theory (nonlocal stress elasticity theory), the stress at a reference point in the body is dependent not only on the strain state at that point, but also on the strain state at all of the points throughout the body; while, according to a new nonlocal strain elasticity theory, the strain at a reference point in the body is dependent not only on the stress state at that point, but also on the stress state at all of the points throughout the body. Also, with combinations of two concepts, the nonlocal stress-strain elasticity theory is defined that can be actual at micro/nano scales. It is concluded that the natural frequency decreases with an increase in the nonlocal stress parameter; while, this effect is vice versa for nonlocal strain elasticity, because the stiffness of Timoshenko sandwich beam decreases with increasing of the nonlocal stress parameter; in which, the nonlocal strain parameter leads to increase the stiffness of structures at micro/nano scale. It is seen that the natural frequency by considering both nonlocal stress parameter and nonlocal strain parameter is higher than the nonlocal stress parameter only and lower for a nonlocal strain parameter only.

Key Words
functionally graded materials; nonlocal stress-strain elasticity theory; sandwich Timoshenko beam; symmetric and asymmetric distribution of porous core; vibration analysis

Address
Mehdi Mohammadimehr: Department of Solid Mechanic, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran

Abstract
The paper considers one of the new applications of computer methods in music composition, using smart nanobeams-an integration of advanced computational techniques with new, specially designed materials for enhanced performance capabilities in music composition. The research applies some peculiar properties of smart nanobeams, embedded with piezoelectric materials that modulate and control sound vibrations in real-time. The study is conducted to determine the effects of changes in the length, thickness of nanobeams and the applied voltage on acoustical properties and the tone quality of musical instruments with the help of numerical simulations and optimization algorithms. By means of piezo-elasticity theory, different governing equations of nanobeam systems can be derived, which are solved by the numerical method to predict the dynamic behavior of the system under different conditions. Results show that manipulation of the parameters allows great control over pitch, timbre, and resonance of the instrument; such a system offers new ways in which composers and performers can create music. This research also validates the computational model against available theoretical data, proving the accuracy and possible applications of the former. The work thus marks a large step towards the intersection of music composition with smart material technology, and, when further developed, it would mean that smart nanobeams could revolutionize the process for composing and performing music on these instruments.

Key Words
music composition; nano; numerical method; smart beam

Address
Ying Shi: Art Foundation Teaching and Research Department, School of Arts and Design, Yanshan University Hebei, 066000, P. R. China

Maryam Shokravi: Energy Institute of Higher Education, Mehrab High School, Saveh, Iran

X. Chen: School of Mechanical Engineering, Dubai Industrial Company, Dubai

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