Abstract
Domain Name Systems (DNS) provide critical performance in directing Internet traffic. It is a significant duty of DNS service providers to protect DNS servers from bandwidth attacks. Data mining techniques may identify different trends in detecting anomalies, but these approaches are insufficient to provide adequate methods for querying traffic data in significant network environments. The patterns can enable the providers of DNS services to find anomalies. Accordingly, this research has used a new approach to find the anomalies using the Neural Network (NN) because intrusion detection techniques or conventional rule-based anomaly are insufficient to detect general DNS anomalies using multi-enterprise network traffic data obtained from network traffic data (from different organizations). NN was developed, and its results were measured to determine the best performance in anomaly detection using DNS query data. Going through the R2 results, it was found that NN could satisfactorily perform the DNS anomaly detection process. Based on the results, the security weaknesses and problems related to unpredictable matters could be practically distinguished, and many could be avoided in advance. Based on the R2 results, the NN could perform remarkably well in general DNS anomaly detection processing in this study.
Key Words
data management; domain name system; internet traffic; machine learning; neural network; security
Address
(1) Xiaofei Liu:
School of Computer and Information, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, Anhui, China;
(2) Xiang Zhang:
School of Information Engineering, Jingdezhen University, Jingdezhen 333000, China;
(3) Mostafa Habibi:
Universidad UTE, Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Calle Rumipamba S/N y Bourgeois, Quito 170147, Ecuador;
(4) Mostafa Habibi:
Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600 077, India;
(5) Mostafa Habibi:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Haliç University, 34060, Istanbul, Turkey;
(6) Mostafa Habibi:
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam.
Abstract
This paper examines the wave velocity of protein microtubules using a elasticity model that incorporates body forces, based on the structure of these hollow cylinder-like structures., the governing equations are analytically solved to determine how the body forces effect the wave velocity. To analyze the microtubule waves velocity, use microtubules with simply supported ends. The electric field of a dipole vibrating at the same frequency as microtubule vibrations approximates the electric field generated by the rhythmic motion of every charge. The numerical findings for the three modes of frequencies in the longitudinal, radial, and torsional directions for the current conditions are compared with the results of previous calculations.
Key Words
electric field; microtubule; oscillatory motion; simply supported; wave velocity
Address
(1) Muhammad Taj:
Department of Mathematics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, 1300, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan;
(2) Ikram Ahmad, Manahil Maqsood:
Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, 57000, Pakistan;
(3) Mohamed Amine Khadimallah:
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia;
(4) Hamdi Ayed:
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha - 61421, Saudi Arabia;
(5) Rana Muhammad Akram Muntazir, Abeera Talib, Hajra Khanam;
Department of Mathematics, Lahore Leads University, 54792, Lahore, Pakistan;
(6) Abir Mouldi:
Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha - 61421, Saudi Arabia;
(7) Essam Mohammed Banoqitah:
Nuclear Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah P.O. Box 80204, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
(8) Muzamal Hussain:
Department of Mathematics, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, 57000, Pakistan;
(9) Zafer Iqbal:
Department of Mathematics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan;
(10) Zafer Iqbal:
Department of Mathematics, University of Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan.
Abstract
High Strength steel reinforced Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) Beam is a new type of beams which has evident advantages than the conventional concrete beams. However, there is limited research on the shear bearing capacity of highstrength steel reinforced RPC structures, and there is a lack of theoretical support for structural design. In order to promote the application of high-strength steel reinforced RPC structures in engineering, it is necessary to select a shear model and derive applicable calculation methods. By considering the shear span ratio, steel fiber volume ratio, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, stirrup ratio, section shape, horizontal web reinforcement ratio, stirrup configuration angle and other variables in the shear test of 32 high-strength steel reinforced RPC beams, the applicability of three theoretical methods to the shear bearing capacity of highstrength steel reinforced RPC beams was explored. The plasticity theory adopts the RPC200 biaxial failure criterion, establishes an equilibrium equation based on the principle of virtual work, and derives the calculation formula for the shear bearing capacity of high-strength steel reinforced RPC beams; Based on the Strut and Tie Theory, considering the softening phenomenon of RPC, a failure criterion is established, and the balance equation and deformation coordination condition of the combined force are combined to derive the calculation formula for the shear bearing capacity of high-strength reinforced RPC beams; Based on the Rankine theory and Rankine failure criterion, taking into account the influence of size effects, a calculation formula for the shear bearing capacity of high-strength reinforced RPC beams is derived. Experimental data is used for verification, and the results are in good agreement with a small coefficient of variation.
Key Words
high strength reinforcement; plastic theory; rankine theory; reactive powder concrete; reinforcement ratio; section shape; span to depth ratio; stirrup ratio; strut and tie
Address
(1) Qi-Zhi Jin:
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Building Materials and Construction Industrialization,
Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China;
(2) Da-Bo He:
School of Civil Engineering, Nanning College of Technology, Guilin, China, 541006, China;
(3) Xia Cao, Feng Fu:
Department of Engineering, School of Science & Technology, City, University of London, EC1V 0HB, U.K.;
(4) Yi-Cong Chen:
College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China;
(5) Meng Zhang:
Infrastructure construction department, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China;
(6) Yi-Cheng Ren:
Jiangsu University Jingjiang College, Jiangsu, 212028, China.
Abstract
The process of concrete production consumes an immense volume of water, with approximately one billion metric tons of freshwater being utilized for tasks such as aggregate washing, fresh concrete production, and concrete curing. The accessibility of clean water for the public is hindered by the limited availability of water resources, primarily due to the rapid expansion of industries such as tanneries, stone quarries, and concrete manufacturing. These industries not only consume substantial amounts of freshwater but also generate significant volumes of various types of waste. Therefore, the use of fresh water in concrete production should be minimized. Few studies have reviewed the production of concrete using wastewater to derive practical and applicable findings for the industry. Thus, this study thoroughly explores the physical and chemical effects of wastewater on concrete, examining aspects like durability, hardened properties, and rheological characteristics. It identifies key factors that can compromise concrete properties when exposed to wastewater. The scarcity of research on integrating wastewater into concrete production underscores the urgent necessity for innovative approaches and methodologies in this field. While the inclusion of wash water typically reduces the workability of fresh concrete, it often enhances its compressive strength. Notably, significant improvements have been observed when using tertiary processed wastewater, wash water, polyvinyl alcohol-based wash water (PVAW), and reclaimed water in the concrete mixing process. The application of tertiary treatment to wastewater resulted in a notable enhancement of compressive strength, showing increases of up to 7%. In contrast, wastewater treated through secondary methods experienced a decline in strength ranging from 9% to 18% over a period of six months. However, the use of reclaimed wastewater demonstrated an improvement in strength by 8% to 17%, depending on the concentration level ranging from 25% to 100%. In contrast, the utilization of secondary processed wastewater and industrial water has a minimal impact on the concrete's strength.
Key Words
compressive strength; durability; electrical resistivity; SEM; sustainability; wastewater
Address
(1) Nabil Ben Kahla, Ahmed Babeker Elhag:
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia;
(2) Nabil Ben Kahla, Ahmed Babeker Elhag:
Center for Engineering and Technology Innovations, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
(3) Ali Raza, Muhammad Arshad:
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Taxila, 47050, Pakistan.
Abstract
During the clinkering stages of cement production, the chemical composition of fine raw materials such as limestone and clay, which include iron oxide (Fe2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3), significantly influences the quality of the final product. Specifically, the chemical interaction of Fe2O3 with CaO, SiO2 and Al2O3 during clinkerisation plays a key role in determining the chemical reactivity and overall quality of the final cement, shaping the properties of the concrete produced. As an extension, this study aims to investigate the physical effects of incorporating nanosized Fe2O3 particles as fillers in concrete matrices, and their impact on concrete structures, namely slabs. To accurately model the reinforced concrete (RC) slabs, a refined trigonometric shear deformation theory (RTSDT) is used. Additionally, the stochastic Eshelby's homogenization approach is employed to determine the thermoelastic properties of nano-Fe2O3 infused concrete slabs. To ensure comprehensive coverage in the study, the RC slabs undergo various mechanical loads and are exposed to temperature fields to assess their thermo-mechanical performance. Furthermore, the slabs are assumed to rest on a threeparameter viscoelastic foundation, comprising the Winkler elastic springs, Pasternak shear layer and a damping parameter. The equilibrium governing equations of the system are derived using the principle of virtual work and subsequently solved using Navier's technique. The findings indicate that while ferric oxide nanoparticles enhance the mechanical properties of concrete against mechanical loading, they have less favorable effects on its performance against thermal exposure. However, the viscoelastic foundation contributes to mitigating these effects, improving the concrete's overall performance in both scenarios. These results highlight the trade-offs between mechanical and thermal performance when using Fe2O3 nanoparticles in concrete and underscore the importance of optimizing nanoparticle content and loading conditions to improve the structural performance of concrete structures.
Key Words
Eshelby's homogenization model; iron oxide nanoparticles; nano-reinforced concrete; thermo-mechanical response; viscoelastic foundation
Address
(1) Zouaoui R. Harrat, Mohammed Chatbi, Baghdad Krour, Mohamed Bachir Bouiadjra:
Laboratoire des Structures et Matériaux Avancés dans le Génie Civil et Travaux Publics, University of Djillali Liabes, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria;
(2) Zouaoui R. Harrat, Sofiane Amziane:
Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS, Sigma, Institut Pascal, UMR 6602, Clermont-Ferrand, France;
(3) Mohamed Bachir Bouiadjra:
Thematic Agency for Research in Science and Technology (ATRST), Algiers, Algeria;
(4) Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko:
Department of Civil Engineering, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
(5) Dorin Radu:
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Transilvania University of Braşov, Turnului street No.5, 500152 Braşov, Romania;
(6) Ercan Işik:
Department of Civil Engineering, Bitlis Eren University, 13100 Bitlis, Turkey.
